Insta_nurses

 TYPES OF TOOLS USED FOR EVALUATION There are many tools or instruments used in evaluation process. Some of the tools have been briefly discussed here: Questionnaire Most commonly used method of evaluation is questionnaire in which an individual attempts answers in writing on a paper. It is generally self-administered in  which person goes through the questionnaire and responds as per the instruction. It is considered to be the most cost-effective tool of evaluation in terms of administration. While developing teacher should ensure that it is simple, concise, and clearly stated. Evaluation done with the help of questionnaire is quantitative. Interview  Interview is the second most important technique used for evaluation in which students participating in evaluation are interviewed. Interview can help in getting information both quantitatively and qualitatively. Interview can be conducted in group or individually. It is a time-consuming process; therefore it should be arra...

   

 Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy Definition Bone marrow , the soft tissue contained in the medullary canals of long bone and the interstices of cancellous bone, may be removed by aspiration or needle biopsy under local anesthesia. In aspiration biopsy, a fluid specimen in which pustulae of marrow is suspended is removed. In needle biopsy, a core of marrows – cells, not fluid – its removed. These methods are commonly used concurrently to obtain the best possible marrow specimens. Red marrow, which constitutes about 50% of an adult’s marrow, actively produces stem cells that ultimately evolve into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Yellow marrow contains fat cells and connective tissue and is inactive, but it can become active in response to the body’s needs. Bleeding and infection may result from bone marrow biopsy at any site, but the most serious complications occur at the sternum. Such complications are rare but include puncture of the heart a...

  Intramuscular (IM) Administration Here are the steps needed to accomplish administering IM injections. Feel free to read through the steps . You will be needing all these supplies. Prepare the medication to be given, syringe, alcohol prep pad, gauze, band-aid and needle. The needles are usually 21g or 22g, and 1 1/2″ long. Wash your hands. Prepare/Mix the medication accordingly and put it into the syringe. Attach the new needle into the syringe. Medication can be given into the: Ventrogluteal  – Patient may lie on back or side with hip and knee flexed. Vastus lateralis  – Patient may lie on the back or may assume a sitting position. Deltoid  – Patient may sit or lie with arm relaxed. Dorsogluteal  – Patient may lie prone with toes pointing inward or on side with upper leg flexed and placed in front of lower leg. The site should be free of bumps and scars. Clean the site with an alcohol pad. Allow the alcohol to dry. Do not use a blower or fan to quicken the dr...

  Colorectal Cancer   Description of Colorectal Cancer Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of colon cancer and may spread by direct extension through the walls of the intestine or through the lymphatic or circulatory system. Metastasis is most often to the liver. Duke’s Classification of Colorectal Cancer Stage A: confined to bowel mucosa, 80-90 % 5 years survival rate Stage B: invading muscle wall Stage C; Lymph node involvement Stage D: Metastases or locally unresectable tumor, less than 5% , 5 years survival rate. Causes/ Risk Factors Modifiable Diet:  Whether diet plays a role in developing colon cancer remains under debate. The belief that a high-fiber, low-fat diet could help prevent colon cancer has been questioned. Studies do indicate that exercise and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help prevent colon cancer. Obesity:  Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for colon cancer. Smoking:  Cigarette smoking has been definitely linked to a h...

  Communicable Disease (Vector Borne) Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) An infectious disease that affects humans and animals, is considered the most common zoonosis in the world Causative Agent:   Leptospira interrogans Sign/Symptoms: High fever Chills Vomiting Red eyes Diarrhea Severe headache muscle aches may include jaundice (yellow skin and eyes) abdominal pain Treatment: PET  - >  P enicillins,  E rythromycin,  T etracycline Malaria Malaria (from Medieval Italian: mala aria - "bad air"; formerly called ague or marsh fever) is an infectious disease that is widespread in many tropical and subtropical regions. Causative Agent:   Anopheles female mosquito Signs & Symptoms: C hills to convulsion H epatomegaly A nemia S weats profusely E levated temperature Treatment: Chemoprophylaxis – chloroquine taken at weekly interval, starting from 1-2 weeks before entering the endemic area. Anti-malarial drugs – sulfadoxine, quinine sulfate, tetrac...

 ROLE OF A NURSE IN EPIDEMIOLOGY Role of a nurse in epidemiology can be explained in 4 aspects. These are: Preventive role Promotive role Curative role Rehabilitative role Role in Prevention Epidemiology is one of the basic sciences applicable to nursing. The nurses working in a community deal with people in various settings and help them solve their health problems. They make the nursing process. They identify and investigate the problem, formulate and test the hypothesis regarding the causal factors, formulate alternative interventions and implement to prevent and control the problem and evaluate effectiveness of intervention. They have an active role in the prevention and control of communicable diseases which include:             - Identify sources of infection and methods of spread of infection.             - Health education of people in general.             - Having an important role in...