Down syndrome (DS or DNS) Summary / Definiton Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all, or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely. Sign & Symptoms Most children with Down syndrome have: Distinctive facial features, such as a flat face, small ears, slanting eyes, and a small mouth. A short neck and short arms and legs. Low muscle tone and loose joints. Muscle tone usually improves by late childhood. Below-average intelligence. Many children with Down syndrome are also born with heart, intestine, ear, or breathing problems. These health conditions often lead to other problems, such as airway (respiratory) infections or hearing loss. But m...
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