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  ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY This book is simple, very easy to read and helps us to understand and interpret ECG clearly in a quick time. It is ideal for anybody who is a beginner and afraid of ECG!. This book takes relatively little time to read through, and guides you through basic understanding and makes interpretation a lot simpler. To touch this complicated subject.  CONTENTS History of  ECG Physiology of conduction system  of Heart Basics of  ECG ECG leads Placement of leads Normal ECG morphology Systemic interpretation of ECG Arrhythmias Differential Diagnosis Free Download link:  click here

  Down syndrome (DS or DNS) Summary / Definiton  Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all, or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely. Sign & Symptoms Most children with Down syndrome have: Distinctive facial features, such as a flat face, small ears, slanting eyes, and a small mouth. A short neck and short arms and legs. Low muscle tone and loose joints. Muscle tone usually improves by late childhood. Below-average intelligence. Many children with Down syndrome are also born with heart, intestine, ear, or breathing problems. These health conditions often lead to other problems, such as airway (respiratory) infections or hearing loss. But most of th

  Acute Bronchitis Summary / Definiton Acute bronchitis, also known as a chest cold, is short-term inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) of the lungs.  The most common symptom is a cough. Other symptoms include coughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, fever, and chest discomfort. The infection may last from a few to ten days. The cough may persist for several weeks afterwards with the total duration of symptoms usually around three weeks.  Some have symptoms for up to six weeks.  Sign & Symptoms Common symptoms of acute bronchitis include: a cough, which may continue beyond 10 days and contain clear or colored mucus shortness of breath wheezing a low-grade fever or a high fever may be an indication of a secondary infection such as pneumonia chest pain chest tightness a sore throat from persistent coughing Children with acute bronchitis may experience: a runny nose chills back pain muscle pain a sore throat If you experience any of the following sympt

 

  Human Body systems  Integumentary  :- Skin and its appendages ( hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands). Musculoskeletal  :- Bones, joints and muscles that enable the body to move and give it shape. Nervous  :- Brain, spinal cord, and nerves that carry impulses and interpret them.  Endocrine  :- Organs ( thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testis) that produce hormones that regulate body functions.  Sensory  :- Organs ( eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin) that supply the body with information.  Cardiovascular  :- The heart, along with the blood vessels and tissues that transport blood to and from all parts of the body.  Hematologic and lymphatic  :- Blood and its components ( including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma) that carry oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from all parts of the body.  Immunologic  :- Specific blood cells and lymphatic organs that help to prevent disease.  Respiratory  :- Lungs and passages leading to the lungs that take part in oxygen an

  Cardiovascular examination Inspection End of bed: Have patient lying at 45°. Expose to waist if male, but keep female patients covered until closer inspection. General comments: well, comfortable at rest, body habitus. Cardiorespiratory status: respiratory distress, cyanosis, pallor. Pitting oedema at ankle: press for 5 seconds. Hands: If normal: "hands feel warm and well perfused". Capillary refill: squeeze nailbed for 5 seconds. Should refill in ≤2 seconds. Signs of infective endocarditis (IE): splinter haemorrhages, Osler's nodes, Janeway lesions. Clubbing: cyanotic congenital heart defect, IE, axillary artery aneurysm, atrial myxoma. Tar stains. Wrist: Take radial pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by 4. Report rate, rhythm, and volume. Check for collapsing pulse by lifting arm up, asking first if they have right shoulder pain. A sign of hyperdynamic circulation, seen in aortic regurgitation, anaemia, pregnancy, hypertension, exercise, PDA, AV fistula, and thyrotoxic

  Swollen legs Differential diagnosis Usually due to fluid leak from veins or lymphatics. Most are 'pitting' (remains indented after pressing), but hypothyroidism and lymphoedema are 'non-pitting'. Bilateral: Venous insufficiency, usually due to age-related venous valvular incompetence. Right heart, liver or renal failure. Dependent oedema: effect of gravity when sitting for a prolonged period. Pregnancy Calcium channel blockers. Hypothyroidism Unilateral: Venous insufficiency: can be uni- or bilateral. DVT Cellulitis Lymphoedema e.g. from pelvic mass. Lymphoedema Tissue swelling due to fluid leakage from lymphatic vessels. Primary lymphoedema Congenital lymphoedema (aka Milroy disease): Autosomal dominant disease. Usually bilateral. Lymphoedema praecox (aka Meige disease): Onset between birth and 35 years old, usually in puberty. 4 times commoner in women. Commonest cause of primary lymphoedema. Usually unilateral. Lymphoedema tarda: Onset >35 years old. Uncommon Se

  Chest pain Differential diagnosis Cardiovascular: Acute coronary syndrome Angina Aortic dissection. Arrhythmia Valve disease Acute pericarditis (pleuritic). Cardiac tamponade. Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Pleuritic chest pain i.e. pain on inspiration, is a sign of pleural inflammation. Caused by: Pneumonia PE Pneumothorax Pericarditis Viral pleurisy. Lung cancer. Pleural effusion. GI: GORD: commonest non-cardiovascular cause. Peptic ulcer disease. Gallstones Pancreatitis Other: Musculoskeletal: trauma, costochondritis. Anxiety: panic attack. Functional: chest wall syndrome. Shingles. Pain may come before rash.

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